Hip Hop and the Civil Rights Movement Essay - 2356 Words

The Hip Hop movement was born while the Civil Rights movement was aging. The Civil Rights movement, at its height addressed social inequalities however, in its old age it began to demand economic equality – enter Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign. Although Black Americans were allowed to eat next to White Americans in restaurants, and were allowed to sit next to White Americans on buses and enjoy equality in terms of access, white supremacy went underground and manifested as red-lining, unequal protection under the law, and a greater disparity between once racially segregated schools that are now economically segregated. The Civil Rights Movement and the Hip Hop movement are similar, but yet are different. If†¦show more content†¦However 50 years later with Hip Hop being the nucleus of 3 pop culture, we see the remaining attempts at avoiding integration, equal protection of the law and the hip hop generation remains silent. Due to â€Å"white flight†, the majority of white Americans moved to the suburbs, while people of color resided and continued to reside in cities. During the early 80’s as a response to Brown v. Board of Education, magnet schools were created to lure white America back into the inner city. Culture critic bell hooks says, â€Å"a shift in class values occurs in black life when integration comes and with it the idea that money is the primary marker of individual success, not how one acquires money† (18). Today, magnet schools require admissions exams, and are highly selective. These schools receive the majority of funding and produce the highest standardized test scores, graduation rates and college admitted students. Moreover, during the Civil Rights movement individuals of a different class resided within the same neighborhood and this created a mixture of classes providing a wealth of resources. However, unlike the civil rights movement, the youth that consume the music, fashion and ideology of hip-hop remain silent on key issues profoundly affecting their daily lives. This is due, partly in fact to the negation of formal education by hip hop music. In 2004, 50 years post Brown, we have Chicago’s own popular producer andShow MoreRelatedA Response to â€Å"Hip Hop: a Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment†1110 Words   |  5 PagesLancaster ENGL- 1301 18 September, 2012 A Response to â€Å"Hip Hop: A Roadblock or pathway to Black Empowerment† Geoffrey Bennett’s article Hip Hop: A Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment illustrates the influence hip hop and rap music has had on not only the music industry but mainstream culture, African Americans to be specific. Geoffrey Bennett, a senior English Major from Voorhees, New Jersey goes over many aspects of how hip hop came to be â€Å"the forefront of American attention.† He startsRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came1300 Words   |  6 PagesHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came from the â€Å"ghetto† and it became a cultural force of social protest and creativity. But from the 1990s and onward hip-hop changed from a cultural creative production to one of mass consumption. Hip-hop began to grow and through mass marketing targeting larger and whiter audiences hip-hop evolved in to relying on the images of crime and sex. Hip- hop has changed from a tool of social change to cars, womenRead MoreMy Redefinition Of Hip Hop Feminism1513 Words   |  7 Pages Rabaka ETHN Intro to Hip Hop studies 29 March 2016 Own Perspective 1. My redefinition of Hip hop feminism differs from the â€Å"normal† definition of feminism, to me hip hop feminism is a way of living and thinking. Hip hop feminism is connected to the Liberation Movement although this movement focused on advancing women rights than civil rights I still believe it played a part with the Hip Hop feminism movement which focused on the rights for young black women in the hip hop industry. I believe thisRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Rap Music996 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past few years, hip-hop culture and rap music has stirred up controversy throughout America and it’s media. Whether it is Dr. Dre’s 1992 hit single â€Å"A Nigga Witta Gun† or Bobby Shmurda’s 2014 hit single â€Å"Hot Nigga† that boasts about shooting other African-Americans, it seems that the media has denounced the hip-hop culture and criticized them for the continuous increase on inner-city youth violence. If people would just listen clo ser to hip-hop’s message instead of assuming it has negativeRead MoreHip Hop Culture823 Words   |  4 Pages I am Hip Hop. Hip Hop is my culture. â€Å"At heavens gate, saying please Lord let me in, Or send me back to tell my people to be better men, Cause we are - Misunderstood, Misunderstood, Dont let me be misunderstood, Im just human (Common)† Hip Hop is not just music, it is a way of life. It is a spiritual connection we share with everything. It is being one hundred percent true, original and organic with oneself. Its the way one acts with others and with oneself. It is self-love, self-knowledgeRead MoreHip Hop : The Rise Of The Post Hip Rap Generation1168 Words   |  5 Pagesis the author of It’s Bigger than Hip-Hop: The Rise of the Post Hip-Hop Generation. In this article, Asante predicts that the post-hip-hop generation will embrace social justice issues including women’s rights, gay’s rights, and the anti-war movement. To challenge these stereotypes, Asante speaks to the personification of the African-American ghetto and the need to stop glorifying black suffering. For Asante, the post -hip-hop generation no longer expects hip-hop to mobilize disenfranchised youthRead MoreHip Hop Culture Then Vs. Now1548 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop Culture Then Vs. Now Hip-hop is an underground urban movement which emerged in the South Bronx, NY during the early 1970s. Hip-hop is composed of four basic elements; DJ-ing, emceeing (rapping), graffiti and style, and break dancing. These elements are how most people recognize hip-hop culture. Many other people think of hip-hop as just a music genre, but it is more than just a music genre. It is cultivating way of living, and several people fail to understand its true meaningRead MoreHip Hop Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the last three decades, Hip Hop music has evolved into one of the largest youth influencers. Uplifting the youth, Hip Hop provides a voice to a group of people trying to deliver a message. Whether it is politcally, culturally, racially, or socially, the music speaks for people with a variety of beliefs and passions. Hip Hop and Rap music espands people’s horizons, and promotes the idea of equality between interacial communities. The Hip-Hop music movements emergence can be traced back to theRead MoreThe Rise Of Hip Hop Culture1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Hip Hop Culture Hip hop, the creation of electronic sound and enticing language is a style born from the African American and Hispanic cultures. It formed in New York City from block parties and the participation of the youth culture. This style of music began as a minimal change in rhythm to a globally popular culture consisting of graffiti art, dancing, and music. Hip hop was not only a type of tasteful music, but it also became a benchmark in history. When this style of music wasRead MoreThe History of Hip Hop Music and Its Transition to Popular Music905 Words   |  4 PagesHip hop has multiple branches of style and is a culture of these. This essay will examine Hip Hop from the point of view of the following three popular music scholars, Johnson, Jeffries and Smitherman. It will delve deeper into their understanding of what hip hop is and its relation to the different people that identify with its message and contents. It will also identify the history of Hip hop and its transition into popu lar music. In particular this essay will focus on what hip hop represents in

Essay about Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House - 1039 Words

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play about a woman who realizes that she is worth more than she has been given credit. Her whole life she was treated like a little doll; too fragile to do anything serious, too frail to be troubled with real business. She was the wife, mother and homemaker. The only things she was perceived as capable of were running the home, raising the children and looking pretty. This was a common stereotype for women in the 1880’s. Women were treated as possessions, not people. Women had a specific role they had to fill. They had to look just so, act just so, raise the children in a certain way, and keep up the house in a perfect way. Many women tried to fill this position of the â€Å"perfect housewife†.†¦show more content†¦At this time, men were the dominant gender. They provided for the family, made important decisions, and were the head of the household. Women were not allowed to even take out a loan without their husband’s approval. A woman without a man was not a true woman. She was just a poor, lost soul who lacked everything necessary of acquiring a husband. The 1870’s were a time when woman leaving her family was unacceptable. Although more and more women were starting to realize that they had greater worth. â€Å"That I no longer believe. I think that before all else I am a human being, just as much as you are--or, at least, I will try to become one. I know that most people agree with you, Torvald, and that they say so in books. But henceforth I cant be satisfied with what most people say, and what is in books. I must think things out for myself and try to get clear about them. . . . I had been living here these eight years with a strange man, and had borne him three children--Oh! I cant bear to think of it--I could tear myself to pieces!. . . . I cant spend the night in a strange mans house.†(Ibsen 1631) Women could go out and get a job and take care of themselves. It still was not even close to being acceptable to leave your family, but women were starting to want more from life. They realized they didn’t NEED a man to live their life happily. They could provide for themselves just fine, but it was easier to have a man to take care of them. There were some women, likeShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmany other types of literature, drama relies on several separate components all working together to tell a story. These components serve to draw an audience in, create a believable situation, and illicit a particular response. The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen provides an excellent example for analysis, with each component strongly supported. Often the first, and most obvious, component that can be observed when reading drama is the point of view that it is written from. Point of viewRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1433 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual morals go against the social appearance, but in value, individuals perceive a need for an appearance to convey a sense of belonging. Within two diverse yet similarly realist dramas, A Doll’s House and Death of a Salesman societal appearance’s stands above all else. Henrick Ibsens A Dolls House embarks on the gender fitting and domesticity of the Victorian Era at its worse as Nora Helmers unrealistic marriage falls within her grasps, leading to rebellion. Arthur Miller, on the other handRead More Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House Ibsenss play is a modern tragedy which functions on two levels, questioning the established social order of the day and presenting the death of a marriage. Both these events create a great deal of tension, and combined with the language and actions used by the characters, make the play very intense. The main cause of dramatic tension throughout the play is the way that the difference between the real nature of the characters and the roles they are assignedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay example1182 Words   |  5 Pages Phylogeny versus misogyny, arguable one of the greatest binary oppositions in a work of literature, is present in Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 Norwegian play A Doll’s House. The title itself suggests a misogynist view, while the work mainly consists of feminist ideology, as Ibsen was a supporter of the female as an independent, rather than a dependent on a male. Nora knew herself that her husband did not fully respect her, and this became a major conflict in the play as Nora progressively became more self-reliantRead MoreThe Masquerade in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚   In A Doll House, Ibsen presents us with Torvald and Nora Helmer, a husband and wife who have lived together for eight years and still dont know each other. This rift in their relationship, caused in part by Torvalds and Noras societally-induced gender roles and also by the naivete of both parties to the fact that they dont truly love one another, expands to a chasm by the end of the play, ultimately causing Nora to leave Helmer. Throughout most of the play, Ibsen continually has his charactersRead More Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages Marriage is a forever commitment between two individuals to love one another but marriages dont always have the fairytale happy ending. In Henrik Ibsens play A Doll House, Nora and Torvald Helmer learn some things about their marriage that they had not realized before. Nora Helmer discovers Torvald, herself, her marriage, as well as her own identity as a woman. Nora Helmer, the wife of Torvald Helmer, throughout the whole play has been keeping a secret from her husband. A few yearsRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay657 Words   |  3 PagesWhat comes to mind when the word morals is said? Whose morals should be followed, individual or group? In A Doll House, Ibsen portrays the protagonist, Nora, to follow the morals of her husband, Torvald. Four key aspects that help Nora decide to change her mind and make a decision to leave Torvald. These include the constant change of nicknames, the questioning of her own independence, the questioning of Torvalds love, and the realization that Torvald loves his reputation more then herself.Read MoreEssay on Themes and Symbols in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1296 Words   |  6 Pagesdoll-child† (Ibsen 1491). Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House tells a story of scandal and deceit set in the Victorian era. Nora Helmer is married to Torvald Helmer and she feel s more like his toy than his wife. Nora had to have Torvald to be able to do anything, because of when she lived. Nora borrows money behind her husband’s back (which is illegal at this time) and tries to cover up everything she has done. Ibsen employs the use of many themes and symbols in his A Doll House to show the reader just howRead More Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesNoras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House      Ã‚  Ã‚   In every society power is the bringer of fortune and influence. In his play A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen portrays, through the character of Nora, the power women are gaining in patriarchal societies. Nora, who symbolizes all women, exercises her power throughout the entire play. She cleverly manipulates the men around her while, to them, she seems to be staying in her subordinate role. In all three acts of the play Nora controls manyRead MoreThe Theme of Feminism in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay2521 Words   |  11 Pagesand social dependence, and her dependence through her children. In A Doll’s House, Ibsen argues that a dependent woman will be passive and unwilling to speak her mind. She will not try to understand the abstract reality of life, unless it contain to her lifestyle at home. Instead she will let the title of her marriage suppress her. She will lose sight of finding her own independence and instead become a doll living in a house. Nora, the protagonist of the play has all of these qualities Nora’s

Blue Like Jazz Conversion Stories Free Essays

In the book Blue like Jazz there is a couple of conversion stories I would like to talk about. The first one comes from Chapter 4. It is the conversion of Millers friend Penny. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Like Jazz Conversion Stories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Penny was a person who did not like Christians and Christianity based on the stereotypes that she had seen and the world has given to them. In the chapter it says that Penny wanted nothing to do with Christianity until she met a friend from her school. She went to college at the same place as miller, which is reed college, and after her freshman year she decided to study at a school in france. While there she was introduced to another student from Reed who she was very fond of and her name is Nadine. Nadine was a very nice person to Penny and listened to Penny’s childhood problems intently and with care. One night Nadine told Penny that she was a christian and Penny was very upset by it. She did not want to believe that this person that was so nice, kind and listened to her so well was a Christian because from her perspective of Christianity these were not traits of a Christian. Then when Penny started to think about it she found out that maybe Christianity has something to offer her. This was the beginning process of her conversion. She may not have changed her ways immediately but this way of thinking and meeting Nadine really opened up her mind to Christianity. Later in the book it goes to talk about how she converts after hearing the voice of God while she was high on drugs. This may or may not be true but personally I believe that it is. I think that God will come to people when they are most vulnerable and tell them straight up what they need to here. A couple of days later after hearing Gods voice she prayed and asked for forgiveness of her sins and that is the day that she converted. All that was left was a public display of conversion, also known as baptism. How to cite Blue Like Jazz Conversion Stories, Essay examples

Wife and Mrs. Hale free essay sample

Freedom In the drama Trifles, Susan Glaspell uses actions, characters, settings, objects as symbols to show the reader that men did not appreciate women and women at that time period did not have any freedom and happiness. In the drama, when Mr. Peters, Mr. Hale, Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale enter the kitchen of the Wright household, their conversations and their actions show that men do not appreciate women. For example, County Attorney says, â€Å"And yet. For all their worries, what would we do without the ladies? Dirty towels! Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies† (1228). Mrs. Hale answers â€Å"There’s a great deal of work to be done on a farm,† (1228). County Attorney says, â€Å"To be sure. And yet I know there are some Dickson County farm houses which do not have such roller towels,† (1228). This dialogue shows the man do not appreciate women at all, Mrs. Hale try to show how much work women has to do in a day and from County Attorney words, it shows men just thought women should be a housekeeper. We will write a custom essay sample on Wife and Mrs. Hale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, in the drama Trifles, women are not portrayed as happy and free. When the women, Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale, gather up the quilting material, they discover a fancy little box. Inside, wrapped in silk, is a dead canary and its neck has been wrung. The importance is that Minnie’s husband did not like the canary’s beautiful song. The canary is a symbol of his wife’s desire for freedom and happiness, so Mr. Wright busted the cage door and strangled the bird. In Trifles, the writer Susan Glaspell uses character’s conversation and their action throughout the drama to show reader that men did not appreciate women and the canary is a symbol of Mrs. Wright’s past as her freedom and her happiness. Work Cited Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 10th ed. New York: Longman, 2007. 1225-1236. Print.

Al Khwarizmi Essays

Al Khwarizmi Essays Al Khwarizmi Paper Al Khwarizmi Paper Formulas for the Future By Kyle Horn Mr. Davenport Algebra 3 9-15-10 Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-khwarizmi, was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer. He was born sometime in 780 AD in Baghdad, then later died there around 850 AD. At that time the area he lived in was the epicentre of an Islamic empire which extended from the Mediterranean all the way to India. He was a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. â€Å"The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarizmi† (bookrags) Al-khwarizmi was the author of over half a dozen astronomical books. The most remarkable was titled Al-jabr w’al muqabala , which was written around 830 AD. Al-khwarizmi did most of his research and writing in the House of Wisdom, along side other scholars. His book Al-jabr w’al muqabala is what gave the branch Al-jabr to mathematics. It is now known as algebra. â€Å"The word al-jabr is usually translated as restoring, with reference to restoring the balance in an equation by placing on one side of an equation a term that has been removed from the other. † (ms) For example 2x+2=8, the balance is restored by writing 2x=6 and then x=3. The second part of the title, al muqabala, probably meant simplification, as in the case of combining 2x+5x to obtain 7x, or by subtracting out equivalent terms from both sides of an equation†. (bookrags) In the Latin translation of al-Khwarizmis Algebra , it opens with a brief introductory statement of the positional principle for numbers and then proceeds to the solution in six short chapters of six types of quadratics: â€Å"(1) squares equal to roots, ( x2=square root of 2), (2) squares equal to numbers, ( x2 =2), (3) roots equal to numbers (square root of x = 2), (4) squares and roots equal to numbers ( ), (5) squares and umbers equal to roots ( x2+1=9), and (6) roots and numbers equal to squares ( 3x+4=x2) (members. aol. com). Chapter I covers the case of squares equal to roots, expressed in modern notation as x2+5x, x(2/3)=4x, 52+10x , giving the answers x = 5, x = 12, and x= 2 respectively. † (ms) Al-khwarizmi used the term â€Å"power† to describe a square. It is said that Al-khwarizmi describing the power of an unknown or a variable (x) designed the root as of a plant, which was the origin of the term we now use in schools and colleges. Al-khwarizmi developed the algebraic terms and condition that, after a thousand years, are still being taught in schools today. His foundation has inspired mathematicians all around the world. His book has enlightened all of us. He has impacted everything from commerce to rocket science. His studies give a way to find the unknown. Without him there is so much we would not have in this day and age. because of him we have infinite knowledge highway, or the internet. Because of him so much technology has been inspired by his works. We have the computer, ipods, tvs, cars, tractors, and airplanes. Like the Wright Brothers said, â€Å" we may have built the airplane, but math made it fly. † Who’s to say, â€Å"If Al khwarizmi hadn’t developed a system of algebra, then someone else would surely have done it. † Then again, maybe not! Maybe names like, Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Wernher Von Braun would not appear in our history books and we’d be riding horses to school and work. Many events in history have dramatically altered the paths of men and mankind, but none are any more profound than Al-khwarizmi and his insight into the practical functions and applications of algebraic formula. eb cite (history) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi Summary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/Mathematicians/Al-Khwarizmi. htmlgt;. (bookrags) Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi Biography. BookRags. BookRags, n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; bookrags. com/biography/abu-jafar-muham mad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi-wom/gt;. (ms) Al-khwa2. html. Al-khwa2. html. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. lt; ms. uky. edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21. htmlgt;.

Guy De Maupassant Essay Example

Guy De Maupassant Essay Example Guy De Maupassant Essay Guy De Maupassant Essay Guy De Maupassant was a French author of the naturalistic school, who was generally considered the greatest French short story writer. During his last year of life, Maupassant suffered form mental illness. He was probably born at the Chateau de Miromensniel, Dieppe. His paternal ancestors were noble, and his maternal grandfather, Paul Le Poittevin, was Gustave Flaubets godfather. His parents separated when he was 11 years old. Maupassant grew up in his native Normandy. The gift of a photographic memory enabled him to gather a storehouse of information, which later helped him in his stories about Normandy people. Maupassant had suffered from his 20s from syphilis. The disease later caused increasing mental disorder. On January 2nd 1892, Maupassant tried to commit suicide by cutting his throat and was committed to the celebrated private asylum, of Dr Espirit Blanche at Passy in Paris, where the year after he died. I am going to write about the short story A Vendetta, in which I will explain some of the quotations to highlight the importance of horror and tension in the story. The story starts off with an important characters mother, in which she lived alone with her son in a tiny cottage on the ramparts of Bonifacio. : This is a starting scene of the story, and it tells you that she is a widow of Paolo Savrini. The writer goes into detail about the surroundings of the house, telling you that the town is built on a mountain spur. Then describes that in some places the ground is over-hanging, which gives you this ghastly feeling that the ground is going to collapse. The writer describes the sea as bristling reefs, which gives me the impression that the sea is moderately rough. Another quote is It is almost entirely enclosed by a gash in the cliff, which gives the audience a sense of closed confinement. The writer uses the word threading which gives me the impression that the sea is very choppy, and mysterious. The second paragraph starts off by describing how the houses are like nests of wild birds clinging to the rock, looking down on this dangerous channel, which tells you that the houses are right on the edge of the cliff, which sets the horror and fear to the story right into place. It makes me feel that the houses are going to fall into their watery grave at any minute. The story then continues by saying that the ships hardly venture into this part of the channel, which the writer is probably telling you that the ships might have been sunk here, and that no-one wants to venture here. The writer quotes that the wind harasses the sea remorselessly, and that gives me the idea that it is a cold, alarming sea. The writer describes patches of whitish foam around the black tips of the countless reefs, which tells me that by this description this patch of the sea is dangerously rough. The writer really describes the sea in much detail, and there is probably a reason for this. The story goes on and the writer really describes the sea a big part of the horror, tension and suspense in the story. The story changes as it stops describing the sea, and gets on with the rest of the story, by explaining the characters. The old woman in the story is a widow, and that her house is clinging to the edge of the cliff. This immediately gives me a sense of sadness for the old woman, as she has lost her loved one. I think that the old woman will have a big part in the story, as it is her house that the writer describes at the start of the story. The writer then introduces two other characters: her son, Antoine, and their dog Frisky. The dog is described as a raw-boned bitch, which tells me that the dog hardy eats anything and that you can see the dogs bones due to this. This also makes me think that the family is quite poor, as the dog is not well fed. he next part tells the audience that the dog is a sheep dog, used by Antoine as a gun-dog, which adds more tension and horror to the story, because a gun dog is used to hunt, and that means to kill an animal, so killing adds more tension and horror to the story. The story then changes from telling the audience about the characters, to actually carrying on with the story. The writer tells us that the old widows son, Antonie, was treacherously, knifed and murdered. The writer doesnt go into much detail about what happened, and doesnt go into much detail. The meaning of treacherously is deceitful and double-crossing, which means that Antoine might have double-crossed someone in order for him to be killed. The story carries on and says that a man called Nicolas Ravolati knifed him, and then escaped to Sardinia the same night. Sardinia is a boat away from Bonifacio, which meant that it was a quick and easy get away for him. I think that when it came to revenge, the widow wanted revenge instead of grieving, as she is described as motionless when the body came to her door. I think that she bottled her emotions up inside, as she refused to let anyone but her dog sty with her.

Collaborating Community Nursing and Faith Based Nursing Essay

Collaborating Community Nursing and Faith Based Nursing - Essay Example In the same way community based entities offer sensitive patient care and high quality health care to cater for the diverse health care needs in the population. The idea of faith nursing is widely referred to as parish nursing was started in 1985 and has developed immensely to date into one of the most popular forms of the nursing practice in the community setting (DeHaven, 2004). The revolutionary concept works towards incorporating healing and faith and concentrates on promotion of health within the confines of the values, beliefs and practices of the church. More importantly the concept links parishioners to the church through the provision of respect and compassion to the basics of health care. Cooperation between faith-based communities and parish nurses is beneficial to all members of society especially those that are marginalized as well as those that have not been covered by a health insurance cover (Burns and Grove, 2010). To start with this cooperation facilitates access to health care mainly to the individuals that have been isolated in society. This includes the elderly, the homeless and individuals from minority groups in the population (DeHaven, 2004). For instance, a parish nurse visited an elderly woman who was locked up and was ailing from pneumonia and found that no one had visited her or even tried to call her in a period of two months. This is a highly common occurrence especially when dealing with homebound individuals that cannot access health care. This cooperation facilitates the development of a medical schedule through the warm presence of the parish nurses. They go ahead to explain the purpose of the schedule and the anticipated results (Burns and Grove, 2010). At the end of every session recite a prayer. This is important in the overall healing process as well as patient participation (DeHaven, 2004). The current health care

6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

6 questions - Essay Example The auditors were in the opinion that these cards needed to be reflected as unrealized sales, as the services had not yet been provided. The audit staff of the PWC affiliated audit firm disagreed with the accounting policy used for recognizing revenue related to LDI calling cards. Accordingly, the staff mentioned in its report that the profit was overstated in the financial statements by Rs280 million. No. It was a common practice worldwide and in Pakistan that the revenues were booked on the basis of sale of prepaid cards and not on their usage, therefore it meant that the audit company was not adhering to the internationally recognized standards. It was unfair to the company for the auditors to effect such sudden changes in the revenue recognition policy without any prior notice to the company management, it was improper and unprofessional. Yes. To challenge the Directives of the regulatory body such as the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as the only the commission that had the authority to appoint a new auditor in place of the former auditor removed by the company. The impact of this will be that the company would be able to successfully remove PWC as external auditors by claiming professional negligence that resulted in huge losses to the company shareholders. The company would be able to appoint a new auditor that would comply to international standards regarding the revenue recognition policy. Yes. I agree with the accusations made by the company because first and foremost the PWC audit firm did not take due international standard procedures in effecting the policy change on revenue recognition and further failing to inform the management of the company. Yes. The SECP was responsible for ensuring compliance with regulations by the listed companies. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) was the

Montessori - Revise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 29750 words

Montessori - Revise - Essay Example Resource books that cover this topic are Music books and art books. 106. The purpose of the Silence Game is about being able to pay attention to details. Its methods entail the use of hand demonstration to explain something without taking. Its benefits are that it enhances the child’s attention to details during demonstrations. 113. The presentation is considered both as a concrete and abstract presentation due to the senses involved in the activity. In this regard, the use of sight in the presentation is considered as abstract while the use of the sense of touch is what qualifies the presentation as a concrete presentation. 116. Explicit directions for presenting the variations have not been included in the presentation so as to enable the child to accurately distinguish items personally and also avoid confusion of the child. 1. The implementation of literary and rhetoric events were the important milestone events in the History of written language. In this regard, rhetoric devices were the devices incorporated in language manipulation so as to transmit the authors message in an effective manner to the reader. On the other hand, literary devices were used in literature that had a basic universal role of language expression to readers as an art form. 2. The term emergent literacy refers to how children interact with book through reading and writing. It is also a gradual process that takes place from the time a child is born to the time they know how to read and write. 4. Reading area is a very sensitive area for a child and therefore it is very important to make this environment comfortable, reading area can be enhanced by Promoting images or pictures. This provides an enjoyable environment for learning. 6. It is important for a children to start public speaking early because it develops their skills, through gaining confidence in their communication . This allow the child to join public

Brugada Syndrome: Sudden Cardiac Death | Literature Review

Brugada Syndrome: Sudden Cardiac Death | Literature Review BRUGADA SYNDROME: SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH Review of Literature and Case Report. Dr. Nanda Pai Dr. Sanjeeta Umbarkar Dr. Akshay Bafna Dr. Jinal Vaghela KEYWORDS: Brugada Syndrome, sudden unexpected death syndrome (SUDS) ABSTRACT Brugada Syndrome or Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome was first discovered by P. Brugada and J. Brugada in 19921. It is a rare genetic disorder characterised by ST segment elevation in V1 – V3 leads on ECG, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias which can cause sudden unexpected death in an otherwise normal patient. We wish to highlight the fact that with thorough pre-operative anaesthetic and cardiac evaluation these potentially life threatening patients can be effectively treated for minor oral surgical procedures using regional anaesthesia with lignocaine thereby avoiding general anaesthesia. INTRODUCTION â€Å"In 1992, Pedro and Josep Brugada for the first time introduced a new clinical entity with ST segment elevation in V1 – V3 leads and right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern associated with a high incidence of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF)1†. This new entity was termed Brugada Syndrome (BrS) or Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome (SUDS), occurring in structurally healthy hearts in young individuals, causing life threatening arrhythmias and sudden death. Most of the patients are between second and fourth decades of life however â€Å"the youngest patient clinically diagnosed with the syndrome is 2 days old and the oldest is 84 years old2†. There is a male predilection, â€Å"due to the presence of more prominent I ­to channels in males than in females3† and in many countries it is the 2nd highest cause of death in younger men after vehicular accidents. Signs and symptoms include presyncopal and syncopal attacks and cardiac arrest (many a times during sleep). Routine ECG shows ST segment elevation in leads V1 – V3. Fever may precede syncope or tachycardia. There are 3 types of Brugada ECG Patterns Type 1: coved type, where ST segment elevation > 2 mm. Type 2: saddle back type, where ST segment elevation > 2mm with positive ‘T’ wave. Type 3: coved or saddle back type, where ST segment elevation Brugada Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In 1998, the Syndrome was linked to mutations in SCN5A, the gene that encodes the alpha subunit for the sodium channel and since then over 300 mutations of SCN5A have been identified4. Mutations of gene SCN5A cause loss of expression of sodium channel protein which decreases the sodium current resulting in slow conduction in the heart. Bezzina et al presented evidence supporting the theory that an SCN5A promoter polymorphism, common in Asian modulates, variability in cardiac conduction and may contribute to the high prevalence of Brugada Syndrome in Asian population5. CASE REPORT A 27 year old male patient reported in the department of dentistry, with excruciating pain in lower right second molar and insisted on getting it extracted. Clinical examination and orthopantomogram revealed an extremely carious second molar. The patient was a recently diagnosed case of Brugada Syndrome (Type 3). He gave a history of chest pain about 7 years ago, however, a couple of months ago he had persistent chest pain for which he was admitted in the intensive care unit for about 10 days, during which time he had 3 presyncopal attacks. On cardiac evaluation, ECG revealed an elevated ST segment in V1 – V3 leads and partial RBBB pattern but structurally normal heart valves with normal pericardium and absence clots or vegetation. His left ventricular ejection fraction was 60%. CST (Cardiac Stress Test) was performed by Bruce protocol where patient walked for 30 minutes with 10.1 METS which showed no angina/arrhythmia. Basal ECG showed RBBB persisted throughout the test. Howe ver there were no significant ST segment changes during the test. Adequate chronotropic and ionotropic response was achieved. CST was negative for stress induced reversible ischaemia/and for arrhytmia. His family history revealed sudden death of his father at a younger age (42 years) with unknown cause. However, there was no diagnosed case of Brugada Syndrome in the family. His past surgical history revealed an appendicectomy and septoplasty. He was a chronic smoker and occasionally consumed alcohol. Since it was a minor dental surgical procedure and given the patient’s history, the tooth extraction was planned under local anaesthesia using lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (1:2, 00,000) thereby avoiding general anaesthesia and the various drugs used with it that could trigger ventricular tachycardia in a BrS patient. Given the patient’s history of chest pain and diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome, patient was thoroughly evaluated by the anaesthetist and cardiologist prior to the dental treatment. High risk fitness was obtained. The patient was taken up in the intensive care unit. A ventilator and a defibrillator were kept standby. A 12 lead ECG was attached and was monitored continuously throughout the procedure. An I.V. line was secured. The anaesthetist and cardiologist along with the maxillofacial surgeons formed the surgical team. A right inferior alveolar nerve block was given using 3 ml lignocaine with adrenaline solution. Another 1 ml was used for intra-pulpal infiltration. After checking for subjective and objective signs the tooth was surgically extracted after sectioning the roots. The wound was closed using 3 – 0 vicryl. Patient tolerated the procedure well. Intra operatively patient was given 4 mg Dexamethasone along with injection Augmentin (Amoxicillin Clavulanate) 1.2 gm. Post operatively he was put on oral tablet Augmentin 625 mg and tablet Paracetamol twice a day. Patient was discharged the same day and was followed up in the dental department. DISCUSSION Brugada Syndrome is a major cause of sudden unexplained death syndrome (SUDS) and death is caused by ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (a lethal arrhythmia) in the heart which appears with no warning. The diagnosis in Brugada Syndrome is based on the characteristic patterns on an electrocardiogram, which may be routinely precipitated by administration of certain drugs (ajmaline or flecainide). Brugada ECG pattern is very often hidden, but certain factors can unmask or trigger it like sodium channel blockers, febrile state, vagotonic agents, autonomic nervous system changes, excessive stress, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants, first generation antihistamines (dimenhydrinate), a combination of glucose and insulin, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia, alcohol toxicity, heavy meals at night just before sleeping, excessive vomiting, hot humid climatic conditions6. According to Nademanee and Veerakul6, north-eastern part of Thailand where SUDS is prevalent and where temperatures can soar to 41oC a study is underway to gauge the climatic influences on occurrence of SUDS and they feel that physicians should factor in temperature as a cause of arrhythmogenesis in BrS. Several drugs could precipitate ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation which are listed in world Brugada registry in http://www.brugadadrugs.org (Accessibility verified July 04, 2014). All Brugada patients and their treating physicians should be aware of these precipitating drugs at all times. Many Brugada patients are asymptomatic and the classical pattern on ECG is picked up only by an experienced and trained physician. This pattern should be correlated with age of patient, family history, chest pain, fever and presyncopal/syncopal attacks. Bupivacaine has been reported to unmask Brugada like ECG patterns when administered epidurally7. Hence we avoided bupivacaine and used lidocaine with adrenaline (1:2, 00,000 dilution) instead for our patient which was well tolerated by him. Lignocaine (class 1b antiarrythmic agent) displays rapid dissociation kinetics and produces little to no ST segment elevation in patients with congenital BrS8. The ventricular tachycardia in BrS can be prevented by avoiding certain aggravating factors like medication, drugs, fever and excessive stress. Brugada patients need to be regularly followed up over a long period of time. In severe cases the only line of treatment is placement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Kloesel et al9 in 2011 did a literature search and compared results of previous reports with theirs regarding outcomes of patients with BrS who underwent surgeries and anaesthetic care and found 21 case reports and 4 case series. They collected data of 52 anaesthetics and 43 patients. In our literature search we found mention of only 2 patients of BrS who underwent surgeries in the maxillofacial region. 1) Plate fixation for mandibular fracture in 56 year old male. 2) Tooth extraction, incision and drainage of odontogenic infection in 55 year old male10. However both these patients were treated under general anaesthesia. We decided to avoid general anaesthesia thereby keeping the drugs to be used to the minimum. By thorough pre-anaesthetic evaluation, proper patient counselling, intra-operative pain control using optimum amount of lignocaine, 12 lead ECG continuously monitored at all times during procedure, constant blood pressure monitoring, avoiding use of certain drugs like bupivacaine, keeping a defibrillator standby and by having a cardiologist and anaesthetist in your surgical team these patients can be successfully managed. Post-operatively ICU monitoring is must for a minimum of 4 hours. There is a dearth of articles in the Maxillofacial and Dental literature regarding the management of these patients and we feel there is a need of more awareness of this not so rare cardiac condition among the dental and maxillofacial surgeons. With proper planning these patients with potentially life threatening and unique cardiac conditions can be safely and efficiently managed by maxillofacial surgeons for dental treatment. FUNDING None. COMPETING INTERESTS None declared. ETHICAL APPROVAL Not Required. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Dr. Kuldeep and Dr. Arvind Singh, 1st year Residents, Department of Cardiology, KEMH; Dr. Yogesh Naik, Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesia, KEMH for their support throughout the treatment and co-operation. REFERENCES Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J. Am Coll Cardiology 1992: 20: 1391-1396. Antzelvich C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Coraddo P, et al. Brugada Syndrome: Report of the second consensus conference. Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association Circulation 2005: 111: 659-70. Diego J M, Condiero J M, Goodrow R J, Fish J M, Zygmunt A C, Perez G J, et al. Ionic and cellular basis for the predominance of the Brugada Syndrome phenotype in males. Circulation 2002: 106: 2004-11. Chen Q, Kirsch G E, Zhang D, et al. Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation nature. 199: 392: 293. C R Bezzina, W Simizu, P Yang, Tamara T, Koopmann M Tanck, et al. Common sodium channel promoter haplotype in Asian subjects underlies variability in cardiac conduction. Circulation 2006: 113: 338-344. Gumpanart Veerakul M D, Koonlawee Nademanee M D. Brugada Syndrome: two decades of progress. Circ. Journal 2012: 76: 2713-2722. Phillips N, Priestly M, Denniss A R et al. Brugada type electrocardiographic pattern induced by epidural bupivacaine. Anaesthesia Analogue. 97: 264: 2003. 8. Hideki Itoh, Keiko Tsuji,Tomoko Sakaguchi,Iori Nagaoka,Yuko Oka,et al . A paradoxical effect of lidocaine for the N406S mutation of SCN5Aassociated with Brugada syndrome. International Journal Of Cardiology. 2007: 121 (3): 239-248. Benjamin Kloesel, Michael J Ackerman, Juraj Sprung, Bradly J. Narr, Toby N. Weingarter. Anaesthetic management of patients with Brugada Syndrome: A case series and literature review. Can Journal Anaesthesia / Can Anaes 2011. 58: 824-836. Nicholas Theododu, Joseph E. Cillo. Brugada Syndrome (Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome): Perioperative and Anaesthetic Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009: 67 (9): 20121-25.

The Endocrine System Essay -- Biology, Hormones

In the human body we have a system that deals with chemical communication through the use of hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones and the target cells that respond to the hormones, this system is called the Endocrine system. This is used to help maintain the essential purpose of the human body which can range the metabolism to growth. This system also works in line with the nervous system in regulating the interior functions and keep up homeostasis and also long term behaviour. There are many hormones in the human body that can affect attitude and behaviour. A very common behaviour throughout the human life, which is affected greatly by hormones, is the sexual behaviour. There are a range of hormones which are created from the gonads and placenta which affect this behaviour. These can be set into two different categories for both male and female, male hormones is known as androgens, which has testosterone which allows the progression of the male reproductive area and the preservation, also provides secondary characteristics and behaviour. The female hormones is known as Estrogens, such as estradiol, which functions in the improvement plus preservation of the woman’s reproductive area, which allows the growth of the other sex characteristics , also the changes in behaviour and in the reproduction of the mammary glands. However both male and females, produce both types of hormones and both have important effects, but males produce more androgens and females produce more estrogens. There has been lots of attention in the connection among behaviour and hormones and it shows that the normal difference in the quantity of hormones which is presented is related with the difference in behaviour. A case of this can be... ...he affects of the female hormones as a result of it been seen as controversial to do. Therefore we have to assume that hormones affect the behaviour of all humans even though research is done on the male hormones. Although there is still knowledge in the fact that when a woman goes through her menstrual cycle that it affects their behaviour and mood, there is still no clear research into which hormones affects this change. On the other hand, females do still contain a little of the testosterone hormone in their system so this could still affect the females behaviour even though they don’t have a high amount of testosterone, however this is still yet to be researched due to complications. Overall we can see that hormones can affects one’s behaviour and there is still research yet to be done into a greater extent to find which hormones can affect which behaviour. The Endocrine System Essay -- Biology, Hormones In the human body we have a system that deals with chemical communication through the use of hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones and the target cells that respond to the hormones, this system is called the Endocrine system. This is used to help maintain the essential purpose of the human body which can range the metabolism to growth. This system also works in line with the nervous system in regulating the interior functions and keep up homeostasis and also long term behaviour. There are many hormones in the human body that can affect attitude and behaviour. A very common behaviour throughout the human life, which is affected greatly by hormones, is the sexual behaviour. There are a range of hormones which are created from the gonads and placenta which affect this behaviour. These can be set into two different categories for both male and female, male hormones is known as androgens, which has testosterone which allows the progression of the male reproductive area and the preservation, also provides secondary characteristics and behaviour. The female hormones is known as Estrogens, such as estradiol, which functions in the improvement plus preservation of the woman’s reproductive area, which allows the growth of the other sex characteristics , also the changes in behaviour and in the reproduction of the mammary glands. However both male and females, produce both types of hormones and both have important effects, but males produce more androgens and females produce more estrogens. There has been lots of attention in the connection among behaviour and hormones and it shows that the normal difference in the quantity of hormones which is presented is related with the difference in behaviour. A case of this can be... ...he affects of the female hormones as a result of it been seen as controversial to do. Therefore we have to assume that hormones affect the behaviour of all humans even though research is done on the male hormones. Although there is still knowledge in the fact that when a woman goes through her menstrual cycle that it affects their behaviour and mood, there is still no clear research into which hormones affects this change. On the other hand, females do still contain a little of the testosterone hormone in their system so this could still affect the females behaviour even though they don’t have a high amount of testosterone, however this is still yet to be researched due to complications. Overall we can see that hormones can affects one’s behaviour and there is still research yet to be done into a greater extent to find which hormones can affect which behaviour.